See mal- on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":uder",
"3": "fro:mal-",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nEnglish mal-\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"uder\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"mal-\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Old French mal-",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"t": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nEnglish mal-\nFrom Old French mal- from Latin male (“badly”), from malus (“bad”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
],
[
8,
11
]
],
"text": "malism, malinfluence",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"evil"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-1OT4wiA7",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
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0,
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]
],
"text": "maleffect",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"unhealthy, harmful"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-jX-1YfXC",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"unhealthy",
"unhealthy"
],
[
"harmful",
"harmful"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": "malodor",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"unpleasant"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-7y0hXvB2",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 8 26 9 19 13 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 24 9 20 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 6 36 8 18 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 7 29 9 19 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 6 7 28 7 18 9 8 0 10 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 15 6 5 6 22 6 14 7 7 0 8 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 15 9 7 9 16 8 12 8 9 0 7 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 6 36 7 20 11 8 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 6 32 6 19 8 7 0 9 0 0 0",
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"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
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0,
3
]
],
"text": "maldifferentiation",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"incorrect"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-hdiuAdAS",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"incorrect",
"incorrect"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
},
{
"word": "para-"
},
{
"word": "dis-"
},
{
"word": "dys-"
},
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": "maldescent",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"incomplete, unfinished"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-HH505Y4G",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"incomplete",
"incomplete"
],
[
"unfinished",
"unfinished"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 9 24 9 20 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 11 5 4 5 20 5 32 6 6 0 7",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 15 9 7 9 16 8 12 8 9 0 7 0 0 0",
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"parents": [],
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}
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{
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0,
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],
[
8,
11
],
[
22,
25
]
],
"text": "malfed, malnourished, malcirculation",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"poorly, deficiently"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-1fmkvGB0",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"poorly",
"poorly"
],
[
"deficiently",
"deficiently"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
},
{
"word": "under-"
},
{
"word": "hypo-"
},
{
"word": "dys-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
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{
"_dis": "9 9 9 24 9 20 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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0,
3
]
],
"text": "malcommunication",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unintentional, mistaken, accidental"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-sA8SDKMy",
"links": [
[
"unintentional",
"unintentional"
],
[
"mistaken",
"mistaken"
],
[
"accidental",
"accidental"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
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"kind": "other",
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}
],
"examples": [
{
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0,
3
],
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14,
17
]
],
"text": "maladherence, malcontent",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"not"
],
"id": "en-mal--en-prefix-JUu5e1fx",
"links": [
[
"not",
"not"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "a-"
},
{
"word": "an-"
},
{
"word": "dys-"
},
{
"word": "in-"
},
{
"word": "non-"
},
{
"word": "un-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-mal-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-mal-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-mal-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-mal-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-mal-.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
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{
"args": {
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"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"4": "",
"5": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin male (“badly”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + curiosu (“skillful”) → malcuriosu (“messy, clumsy”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mal- + tresnáu (“tidy”) → maltresnáu (“scruffy, untidy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"id": "en-mal--ast-prefix-2ahGeQ3i",
"links": [
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"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
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{
"_dis": "0 15 9 7 9 16 8 12 8 9 0 7 0 0 0",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Asturian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + engañar (“to deceive”) → malengañar (“to deceive with evil intentions”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"evilly"
],
"id": "en-mal--ast-prefix-kWV18HNL",
"links": [
[
"evilly",
"evilly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From mal.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
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},
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"source": "w"
},
{
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],
"glosses": [
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"id": "en-mal--ca-prefix-1LWZxlGg",
"links": [
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"poorly"
],
[
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"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
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{
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"2": ":bor<conj:and>",
"3": "fr:mal-",
"4": "it:mal-<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Ebbe Vilborg, “mal-”, in <cite>Etimologia Vortaro de Esperanto</cite> [<cite><span class=\"e-translation\">Etymological Dictionary of Esperanto</cite>], volume 5, <small>→ISBN</small>, pages 150-151</span></span>>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nMiddle French mal-\nFrench mal-bor.\nItalian mal-bor.\nEsperanto mal-\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" }\" data-lang=\"eo\" data-title=\"mal-\">\nBorrowed from French mal- and Italian mal-.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es,en",
"2": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Spanish and English mal-",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nMiddle French mal-\nFrench mal-bor.\nItalian mal-bor.\nEsperanto mal-\nBorrowed from French mal- and Italian mal-. Compare Spanish and English mal-.",
"head_templates": [
{
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"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"mal-"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"mal",
""
]
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Citations using nocat parameter",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto BRO1",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"name": "Esperanto entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"parents": [],
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},
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + alta (“high”) → malalta (“low”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mal- + ami (“to love”) → malami (“to hate”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mal- + dekstra (“right”) → maldekstra (“left”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes opposites"
],
"id": "en-mal--eo-prefix-o4U2c7gZ",
"links": [
[
"opposite",
"opposite#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "ne-"
},
{
"word": "sen-"
},
{
"word": "kontraŭ-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mal/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-al"
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "frm:mal-<ety:inh<fro:mal->>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"mal-\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
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"2": "frm",
"3": "mal-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French mal-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French mal-",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Old French mal-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French mal-, from Old French mal-, from mal (“bad; badly”).",
"head_templates": [
{
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"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "fr-prefix"
}
],
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"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + faisant → malfaisant (“harmful”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"badly; wrongly"
],
"id": "en-mal--fr-prefix-8GmZye~D",
"links": [
[
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"badly"
],
[
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"wrongly"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
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}
],
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],
"id": "en-mal--fr-prefix-WTGR4zvE",
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]
}
],
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},
{
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"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mal-.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mal-.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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}
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},
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}
],
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"2": "prefix"
},
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}
],
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}
],
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],
"id": "en-mal--it-prefix-2ahGeQ3i",
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"bad"
],
[
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"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
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}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"head_templates": [
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"args": {
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},
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"name": "head"
}
],
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"lang_code": "mt",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Maltese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"source": "w"
},
{
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}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "with the woman",
"text": "mal-mara",
"translation": "with the woman",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "with the idea",
"text": "mal-idea",
"translation": "with the idea",
"type": "example"
}
],
"form_of": [
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"word": "ma’ used before vowels or qamri consonants"
}
],
"glosses": [
"definite form of ma’ used before vowels or qamri consonants."
],
"id": "en-mal--mt-prep-6UDD345B",
"links": [
[
"ma’",
"ma'#Maltese"
],
[
"qamri",
"qamri#Maltese"
]
],
"tags": [
"definite",
"form-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mal/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-al"
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
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{
"args": {
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"2": ":der",
"3": "la:male"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"mal-\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"4": "",
"5": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin male (“badly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mau-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 10 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"id": "en-mal--fro-prefix-2ahGeQ3i",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mes-"
}
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "la:male<t:badly>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin malebor.\nPortuguese mal-\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"badly\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pt\" }\" data-lang=\"pt\" data-title=\"mal-\">\nBorrowed from Latin male (“badly”).",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin malebor.\nPortuguese mal-\nBorrowed from Latin male (“badly”).",
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{
"args": {
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"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"id": "en-mal--pt-prefix-2ahGeQ3i",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 80 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 80 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 80 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 80 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poorly"
],
"id": "en-mal--pt-prefix-3G9G0Srj",
"links": [
[
"poorly",
"poorly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"barely, hardly"
],
"id": "en-mal--pt-prefix-z7thf3gd",
"links": [
[
"barely",
"barely"
],
[
"hardly",
"hardly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"4": "",
"5": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin male (“badly”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "prefix",
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"id": "en-mal--es-prefix-2ahGeQ3i",
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"word": "malvenn"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Breton",
"lang_code": "xbm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "eyelid",
"word": "maluen"
},
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "eyelash",
"word": "malgudenn"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "mala"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "mollee"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "mala"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "malae"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*mal- f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "*mal- f",
"name": "cel-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/mal-",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"eyebrow"
],
"id": "en-mal--cel-pro-noun-D-d6WQ89",
"links": [
[
"eyebrow",
"eyebrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Asturian lemmas",
"Asturian prefixes",
"Asturian terms derived from Latin",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
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"args": {
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"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"4": "",
"5": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin male (“badly”).",
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{
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"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + curiosu (“skillful”) → malcuriosu (“messy, clumsy”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mal- + tresnáu (“tidy”) → maltresnáu (“scruffy, untidy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + engañar (“to deceive”) → malengañar (“to deceive with evil intentions”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"evilly"
],
"links": [
[
"evilly",
"evilly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From mal.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan prefixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"poorly, badly"
],
"links": [
[
"poorly",
"poorly"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms derived from Archaic Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-",
"English undefined derivations",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": ":uder",
"3": "fro:mal-",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nEnglish mal-\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"uder\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"mal-\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Old French mal-",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"t": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nEnglish mal-\nFrom Old French mal- from Latin male (“badly”), from malus (“bad”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
],
[
8,
11
]
],
"text": "malism, malinfluence",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"evil"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": "maleffect",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"unhealthy, harmful"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"unhealthy",
"unhealthy"
],
[
"harmful",
"harmful"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": "malodor",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"unpleasant"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": "maldifferentiation",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"incorrect"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"incorrect",
"incorrect"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
},
{
"word": "para-"
},
{
"word": "dis-"
},
{
"word": "dys-"
},
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": "maldescent",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"incomplete, unfinished"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"incomplete",
"incomplete"
],
[
"unfinished",
"unfinished"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
],
[
8,
11
],
[
22,
25
]
],
"text": "malfed, malnourished, malcirculation",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bad, badly",
"poorly, deficiently"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"poorly",
"poorly"
],
[
"deficiently",
"deficiently"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
},
{
"word": "under-"
},
{
"word": "hypo-"
},
{
"word": "dys-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": "malcommunication",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unintentional, mistaken, accidental"
],
"links": [
[
"unintentional",
"unintentional"
],
[
"mistaken",
"mistaken"
],
[
"accidental",
"accidental"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mis-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
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],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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0,
3
],
[
14,
17
]
],
"text": "maladherence, malcontent",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"not"
],
"links": [
[
"not",
"not"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "a-"
},
{
"word": "an-"
},
{
"word": "dys-"
},
{
"word": "in-"
},
{
"word": "non-"
},
{
"word": "un-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-mal-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-mal-.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
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],
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}
{
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{
"args": {
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"2": ":bor<conj:and>",
"3": "fr:mal-",
"4": "it:mal-<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Ebbe Vilborg, “mal-”, in <cite>Etimologia Vortaro de Esperanto</cite> [<cite><span class=\"e-translation\">Etymological Dictionary of Esperanto</cite>], volume 5, <small>→ISBN</small>, pages 150-151</span></span>>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nMiddle French mal-\nFrench mal-bor.\nItalian mal-bor.\nEsperanto mal-\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" }\" data-lang=\"eo\" data-title=\"mal-\">\nBorrowed from French mal- and Italian mal-.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es,en",
"2": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Spanish and English mal-",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin maleder.\nOld French mal-\nMiddle French mal-\nFrench mal-bor.\nItalian mal-bor.\nEsperanto mal-\nBorrowed from French mal- and Italian mal-. Compare Spanish and English mal-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"mal-"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"mal",
""
]
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "ne-"
},
{
"word": "sen-"
},
{
"word": "kontraŭ-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Citations using nocat parameter",
"Esperanto 1-syllable words",
"Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro",
"Esperanto BRO1",
"Esperanto entries referencing missing etymons",
"Esperanto entries with etymology texts",
"Esperanto entries with etymology trees",
"Esperanto entries with etymon",
"Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"Esperanto lemmas",
"Esperanto prefixes",
"Esperanto terms borrowed from French",
"Esperanto terms borrowed from Italian",
"Esperanto terms derived from Archaic Latin",
"Esperanto terms derived from French",
"Esperanto terms derived from Italian",
"Esperanto terms derived from Latin",
"Esperanto terms derived from Middle French",
"Esperanto terms derived from Old French",
"Esperanto terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Esperanto terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Esperanto terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-",
"Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Esperanto terms with audio pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Esperanto/al",
"Rhymes:Esperanto/al/1 syllable",
"Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + alta (“high”) → malalta (“low”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mal- + ami (“to love”) → malami (“to hate”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mal- + dekstra (“right”) → maldekstra (“left”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes opposites"
],
"links": [
[
"opposite",
"opposite#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mal/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-al"
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French entries with etymon",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French prefixes",
"French terms derived from Archaic Latin",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "frm:mal-<ety:inh<fro:mal->>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"mal-\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "mal-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French mal-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French mal-",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "mal-"
},
"expansion": "Old French mal-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French mal-, from Old French mal-, from mal (“bad; badly”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "fr-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "mal- + faisant → malfaisant (“harmful”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"badly; wrongly"
],
"links": [
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"wrongly",
"wrongly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"denotes the opposite of the unprefixed form"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/mal/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-mal-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mal-.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mal-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mal-.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mal-.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France",
"Lyon"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"4": "",
"5": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin male (“badly”).",
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"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
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],
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"Italian lemmas",
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"Italian terms derived from Latin",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
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"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "preposition form"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Maltese",
"lang_code": "mt",
"pos": "prep",
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{
"categories": [
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"Maltese non-lemma forms",
"Maltese preposition forms",
"Maltese terms with usage examples",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
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"Rhymes:Maltese/al/1 syllable"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "with the woman",
"text": "mal-mara",
"translation": "with the woman",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "with the idea",
"text": "mal-idea",
"translation": "with the idea",
"type": "example"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ma’ used before vowels or qamri consonants"
}
],
"glosses": [
"definite form of ma’ used before vowels or qamri consonants."
],
"links": [
[
"ma’",
"ma'#Maltese"
],
[
"qamri",
"qamri#Maltese"
]
],
"tags": [
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"form-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mal/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-al"
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
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"2": ":der",
"3": "la:male"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"mal-\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"4": "",
"5": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin male (“badly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "mau-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with etymon",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French prefixes",
"Old French terms derived from Archaic Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mes-"
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"Portuguese entries with etymon",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese prefixes",
"Portuguese terms borrowed from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Archaic Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Portuguese terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)mel-"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "la:male<t:badly>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin malebor.\nPortuguese mal-\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"badly\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"negative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*(s)molos\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(s)mel-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-os\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Archaic Latin\", \"term\" : \"malos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ala\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"malus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"male\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"mal-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pt\" }\" data-lang=\"pt\" data-title=\"mal-\">\nBorrowed from Latin male (“badly”).",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)mel-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *(s)molos?\nProto-Italic *malos\nArchaic Latin malos\nLatin malus\nLatin malebor.\nPortuguese mal-\nBorrowed from Latin male (“badly”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"poorly"
],
"links": [
[
"poorly",
"poorly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"barely, hardly"
],
"links": [
[
"barely",
"barely"
],
[
"hardly",
"hardly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"word": "malvenn"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Breton",
"lang_code": "xbm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "eyelid",
"word": "maluen"
},
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "eyelash",
"word": "malgudenn"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "mala"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "mollee"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "mala"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "malae"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*mal- f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "*mal- f",
"name": "cel-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/mal-",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"cel-pro:Hair"
],
"glosses": [
"eyebrow"
],
"links": [
[
"eyebrow",
"eyebrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "male",
"4": "",
"5": "badly"
},
"expansion": "Latin male (“badly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin male (“badly”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "mal-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish prefixes",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"bad; badly"
],
"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "mal-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for mal- meaning in All languages combined (27.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.